Everything about Contradiction totally explained
In
logic, a
contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility between two or more
propositions. It occurs when the propositions, taken together, yield two
conclusions which form the logical inversions of each other. Illustrating a general tendency in applied logic,
Aristotle’s law of noncontradiction states that “One can't say of something that it's and that it isn't in the same respect and at the same time.”
By extension, outside of formal logic, one can speak of contradictions between actions when one presumes that their motives contradict each other.
Contradiction in formal logic
In formal logic, particularly in
propositional and
first-order logic, a proposition
is a contradiction
if and only if . Since for contradictory
it's true that
for all
(because
), one may prove any proposition from a set of axioms which contains contradictions.
Contradictions and philosophy
Adherents of the
epistemological theory of
coherentism typically claim that as a necessary condition of the justification of a
belief, that belief must form a part of a logically non-contradictory (consistent)
system of beliefs. Some
dialetheists, including
Graham Priest, have argued that coherence may not require consistency.
Pragmatic contradictions
Pragmatic contradictions often occur in philosophy that the very presence of the argument contradicts the claims of the argument.
An inconsistency arising because of the normal implications of saying something, rather than because of the content of what is said.
For examples,
Heraclitus’s proposition that knowledge is impossible; or, arguably,
Nietzsche’s statement that one shouldn't obey others, or
moore's paradox. These are
self-refuting statements and
performative contradictions.
Contradiction outside formal logic
Colloquial usage can label actions or statements (or both) as contradicting each other when due (or perceived as due) to
presuppositions which are contradictory in the logical sense.
In
dialectical materialism, contradiction, as derived by
Karl Marx from
Hegelianism, usually refers to an opposition of social forces. Most prominently (according to Marx),
capitalism entails a
social system that has contradictions because the
social classes have conflicting collective goals. These contradictions stem from the social structure of society and inherently lead to
class conflict,
economic crisis, and eventually
revolution, the existing order’s overthrow and the formerly oppressed classes’ ascension to political power.
Mao Zedong's philosophical essay furthered Marx and Lenin's thesis and suggested that all existence is the result of contradiction.
Further Information
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